Nepal is preparing to modernize the way it counts its endangered one-horned rhinoceros population, with authorities considering DNA sampling, camera traps or a combination of both instead of relying mainly on direct counting from elephants. The proposed change is aimed at making future rhino censuses safer and more scientifically reliable.
For decades, Nepal has conducted rhino censuses by sending teams into forests on elephants. Surveyors divide rhino habitats into sections and move through them, recording animals they can identify. While the method has provided population estimates, authorities say it is becoming increasingly risky and does not provide enough detailed data for modern wildlife management.
The new approach could involve collecting genetic material from rhino dung and using DNA analysis to identify individual animals. Camera traps are another option being considered, as they can continuously monitor wildlife without requiring survey teams to enter difficult areas. A combination of methods could also be used if pilot studies show that it produces reliable results.
Safety is another major reason behind the proposed change. During the 2021 census, a wild elephant encountered an elephant carrying a survey team, resulting in a technician being injured. Officials say such incidents demonstrate the risks involved in the traditional counting method.
Nepal currently has 752 one-horned rhinos, according to Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation data, with more than 92 percent living in Chitwan National Park. The population has recovered significantly from the approximately 100 rhinos recorded in the 1960s, following decades of conservation efforts.
However, the species continues to face challenges, including habitat pressures, human-rhino conflict and deaths from natural and other causes. Officials say better population data will be important for planning conservation measures and understanding how the rhino population is changing.
Before adopting a new system nationwide, authorities plan to prepare a detailed protocol and conduct pilot studies. The results will help determine which method, or combination of methods, can provide the most accurate picture of Nepal’s rhino population.